The "Missing years" also known as the "Unknown years of Jesus," or "Hidden years" of Jesus, refer to the period between Jesus's childhood and the start of his ministry, about which the New Testament provides little detail. Specifically, there's a gap in the canonical Gospels between the account of Jesus as a 12-year-old boy teaching in the temple (as found in the Gospel of Luke) and his appearance as an adult, around the age of 30, when he begins his public ministry.
Many theories
and legends have arisen over the centuries about what Jesus might have done and
where he might have traveled during these "missing" years. Some of
these legends and theories suggest that Jesus traveled outside of the Middle
East, with claims of him visiting places as far-flung as Britain or Japan.
One such theory suggests that Jesus visited India. The idea is largely based on the writings of Nicolas Notovitch, a Russian author, who in the 19th century claimed that during a journey to India, he learned of ancient records of a saint named "Issa" (or "Jesus" in some interpretations) at the Hemis Monastery in Ladakh. Notovitch asserted that these records told of Jesus's visit to India, Tibet, and neighboring areas during his unknown years. The narrative describes Issa learning from Indian sages and teaching them in return. However, Notovitch's claims have been widely criticized and dismissed by many scholars and historians.
Other sources that have contributed to this theory include various apocryphal texts, local traditions in some parts of India, and more modern writings. But, there is no solid historical evidence to confirm that Jesus ever visited India.It's worth noting that the mainstream Christian theological position does not support the idea that Jesus traveled extensively during his "unknown years," and instead posits that he lived a relatively normal life in Nazareth until the start of his public ministry.
Backdrop:
The Canonical Silence
The Gospel of
Luke briefly touches upon Jesus's childhood, narrating an episode when a
12-year-old Jesus converses with elders at the temple in Jerusalem. From this
point, a narrative void persists until he reappears roughly at the age of 30.
This lacuna in the Gospels, while perhaps understandable given their primary
focus on his ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection, provides fertile ground
for theories and legends about where he might have been and what he might have
been doing.
The Hypothesis of Jesus's journey to India: The hypothesis of Jesus's journey to India primarily stems from the 19th-century writings of Nicolas Notovitch, a Russian author. During his travels in India, Notovitch claimed to have discovered ancient records of a prophet named "Issa" at the Hemis Monastery in Ladakh. According to his account, these texts suggested that Issa was, in fact, Jesus of Nazareth, who had ventured to India, Tibet, and surrounding regions during his missing years. Here, the narrative painted a picture of Jesus interacting with Indian sages, absorbing Eastern teachings, and sharing his own perspectives with them.
The theory that Jesus spent some of his "lost years" in India and surrounding regions isn't entirely new but has been revisited periodically in both popular culture and by various authors. Over the last few decades, several writers and researchers have probed this possibility, combining historical records, legends, and personal exploration.
The Unknown
Life of Jesus Christ" by Nicolas Notovitch
"The
Unknown Life of Jesus Christ" is a book by Nicolas Notovitch, first
published in the late 19th century. Notovitch, a Russian journalist and
explorer, claimed to have uncovered evidence that Jesus Christ had traveled to
India, specifically to regions of Ladakh and Tibet, during the years not
documented in the New Testament. Here's a detailed overview of Notovitch's
claims and the broader context of his work:
Background:
During a journey to India, Notovitch claimed to have broken his leg and consequently recuperated at the Hemis Monastery in Ladakh. While there, he heard stories from the monks about a divine figure named "Issa," which he understood to be their name for Jesus. These stories, he was told, were transcribed in a document called "The Life of Saint Issa, Best of the Sons of Men."
According to
Notovitch's translation of this supposed document, Issa traveled throughout
India, Nepal, and Tibet, among other places, during his adolescent and young
adult years. Issa engaged with Buddhist teachings and had conversations with
revered monks. This Eastern sojourn, Notovitch implied, shaped the teachings
that Jesus would later propound in Judea.
Central
Themes:
- Jesus's Lost Years: Notovitch's primary
focus is on the undocumented years of Jesus's life, from around age 13 to
29, often referred to as the "lost years." He posits that Jesus
spent this period in India, absorbing its spiritual teachings and
philosophies.
- Jesus as Saint Issa: The manuscript that
Notovitch claims to have encountered refers to a figure named
"Issa," which he believes is a reference to Jesus. The text
describes Issa's journeys through various parts of India, his interactions
with local sages, and his studies of the Vedas and Buddhist teachings.
- Return to the Middle East: According to the document, after spending years in India, Issa returned to the Middle East, where he began his ministry, integrating the teachings and knowledge he had acquired in the East.
Evidence
Presented:
Notovitch's
claims hinge primarily on the manuscript he said he encountered at the Hemis
Monastery. He provides a translation of this text in his book, wherein:
- Issa is described as a precocious child with a deep
spiritual inclination.
- The young Issa debates and often contradicts
Brahmin priests and scholars, leading to tensions.
- He travels further north, engaging with Buddhist
teachings and principles.
Controversies
and Criticisms:
- Authenticity: Shortly after Notovitch
published his book, several scholars and travelers went to Hemis Monastery
to verify his claims. The monks there denied any knowledge of Notovitch or
the Issa document. Notovitch's claims were consequently seen by many as
either a hoax or a profound misunderstanding.
- Contradictions: Some critics argue that
Notovitch’s version of Jesus's teachings in the East seemed suspiciously
similar to canonical Christian narratives. They suggest that the texts
were either fabricated or heavily embellished by Notovitch.
- Later Confirmations and Denials: In the
years that followed, a few other travelers claimed to have seen the Issa
scrolls at Hemis, while many others were told they didn’t exist. The
inconsistent accounts have further shrouded Notovitch's claims in mystery.
Impact and
Legacy: Regardless of the controversy, Notovitch’s "The Unknown Life
of Jesus Christ" had a significant impact. It opened up a new avenue of
speculative inquiry about Jesus’s lost years and introduced the West to the
captivating idea that Jesus might have been influenced by Eastern spiritual
traditions. The book influenced several subsequent writers and became
foundational for the "Jesus in India" theory, which persists in
various forms to this day.
In conclusion,
while "The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ" by Nicolas Notovitch
presents a captivating alternate narrative about Jesus's life, it remains a
controversial work outside of mainstream academic and religious acceptance. Its
legacy is in its enduring appeal to those intrigued by the intersections of
faith and the universal appeal of Jesus's teachings.
Jesus Lived in India: His Unknown Life Before and After the Crucifixion" by Holger Kersten
Holger
Kersten's book, "Jesus Lived in India: His Unknown Life Before and After
the Crucifixion," presents a controversial theory regarding the life of
Jesus Christ, suggesting that he spent a significant portion of his life in
India, both before his public ministry in Judea and after the crucifixion.
Here's an overview and summary of the central themes and contentions of the
book:
Background:
Holger Kersten
is a German author who has delved into various alternative theories concerning
religious figures and their histories. In "Jesus Lived in India," he
gathers a range of sources, both historical and anecdotal, to piece together
his version of Jesus's life story.
Central
Themes:
- The "Lost Years" of Jesus: The New
Testament provides little information about Jesus's life between his
childhood and the start of his public ministry at around the age of 30.
Kersten proposes that Jesus traveled to India during these "lost
years" to study Buddhism and the Vedic texts.
- Survival from the Crucifixion: Kersten
disputes the traditional Christian belief in Jesus's resurrection.
Instead, he posits that Jesus survived the crucifixion, owing to a
combination of factors, including being taken down from the cross before
death and receiving medical treatment.He further suggests that after
recovering, Jesus left Judea to escape further persecution.
- Final Years in Kashmir: Building on the
theory of Jesus's survival, Kersten proposes that Jesus traveled to
Kashmir, a region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, where
he continued his teachings and lived until his death. The Rozabal tomb in
Srinagar, according to Kersten, is the final resting place of Jesus, known
locally as Yuz Asaf.
- Parallel Teachings: Kersten draws parallels between Christian and Buddhist teachings to support his theory. He suggests that Jesus's teachings, which emphasize love, compassion, and non-violence, are deeply influenced by Buddhist tenets.
Evidence
Presented:
Kersten
references a variety of sources, including:
- Ancient Buddhist texts that mention a saint named
"Issa," which Kersten and some others believe is Jesus.
- The aforementioned account of Nicolas Notovitch
concerning the "Life of Saint Issa."
- Local traditions and legends from various parts of
India, particularly Kashmir.
Reception
and Criticisms:
While the book
has gained popularity among those interested in alternative religious theories,
it has also faced criticism on several fronts:
- Lack of Historical Evidence: Many scholars
argue that Kersten's claims lack solid historical documentation.
- Religious Concerns: Both Christian and
Islamic theologians generally dismiss the theory. For Christians, the
resurrection is a foundational belief, while Islamic teachings also
diverge significantly from Kersten's assertions.
- Reliability of Sources: Some critics have
raised concerns about the authenticity and interpretation of the sources
Kersten relies on.
In conclusion, while "Jesus Lived in India" provides an intriguing perspective on the life of one of history's most significant figures, it remains a work of speculative theology. Its assertions, though captivating, exist outside the bounds of mainstream religious and historical thought.
The Lost
Years of Jesus: Documentary Evidence of Jesus' 17-Year Journey to the
East" by Elizabeth Clare Prophet
"The Lost
Years of Jesus: Documentary Evidence of Jesus' 17-Year Journey to the
East" is a book by Elizabeth Clare Prophet that explores the theory of
Jesus's travels to the East, particularly India, during the years not covered
in the canonical Gospels. The book builds upon the concept that Jesus's life
and teachings were influenced by Eastern spiritual traditions. Here's an
overview of the book's central themes and ideas:
Background:
Elizabeth Clare
Prophet was a prominent spiritual leader and author associated with the New Age
movement. Her book delves into the idea that Jesus's spiritual journey extended
beyond his well-documented activities in the Middle East.
Central
Themes:
- Exploration of the "Lost Years”: Like
other proponents of the theory, Prophet focuses on the period of Jesus's
life that remains undocumented in the Gospels, often referred to as the
"lost years." She suggests that during this time, Jesus traveled
to Eastern regions such as India and Tibet, where he engaged with
spiritual teachings and diverse cultures.
- Spiritual Synthesis: Prophet emphasizes the
notion that Jesus's teachings encompassed universal truths found in
various spiritual traditions. She suggests that his interactions with
Eastern philosophies and spiritual masters enriched and informed his
message of love, compassion, and enlightenment.
- Connection to Eastern Philosophies: The book
examines parallels between Jesus's teachings and principles from Eastern
philosophies, particularly Buddhism and Hinduism. Prophet argues that
these similarities are indicative of Jesus's exposure to and integration
of Eastern wisdom.
- Reinterpretation of Key Events: Prophet challenges traditional interpretations of certain biblical events. For instance, she offers alternative perspectives on Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection, suggesting that they might have unfolded differently from the conventional narrative.
Evidence
Presented:
The book
cites a variety of sources, including:
- References to Eastern spiritual concepts and
traditions present in Jesus's teachings.
- Apocryphal texts and legends that suggest Jesus's
presence in the East.
- Analogies drawn between Jesus's teachings and those
of Eastern spiritual leaders.
Reception
and Criticisms:
"The Lost
Years of Jesus" has garnered attention within certain New Age and
spiritual circles, but it also faces criticism from scholars and theologians
for a few reasons:
- Lack of Concrete Evidence: Critics argue that the
evidence presented is largely speculative and lacks solid historical
documentation.
- Interpretative Nature: The book's conclusions are
based on the interpretation of texts and ideas rather than verifiable
historical facts.
- Religious Perspectives: Traditional Christian
theology, which places significance on the events of Jesus's crucifixion
and resurrection, contrasts with the book's alternative viewpoints.
Elizabeth Clare Prophet's book presents an alternative perspective on Jesus's life and teachings, suggesting a connection to Eastern spirituality. While intriguing for those interested in exploring the intersections of faith, the book remains outside the mainstream scholarly and religious consensus.
A
documentary titled "Did Jesus Die?
"Did Jesus
Die?" is a documentary produced by the BBC that delves into the theory
that Jesus survived the crucifixion and possibly traveled to India, living out
his remaining years there. Here's a broad overview of the documentary's
exploration:
Central
Themes:
- Survival from the Crucifixion: The
documentary questions the traditional belief of Jesus's death on the
cross. It examines the nature of crucifixion as a method of execution and
the possibility that Jesus could have survived it. There are discussions
about the methods of crucifixion, the duration typically required for
death, and Jesus's relatively brief time on the cross.
- Jesus in India: Building on various theories
and sources, the documentary explores the possibility that after surviving
the crucifixion, Jesus traveled eastwards, particularly to Kashmir in
India. It investigates local traditions, legends, and supposed evidence
related to Jesus's presence in the region.
- Rozabal Tomb in Srinagar: One of the central
pieces of evidence presented in the documentary is the Rozabal Tomb in Srinagar,
Kashmir. Some believe this to be the final resting place of Jesus, known
in the region as Yuz Asaf. The documentary delves into the various legends
associated with this tomb and the figure buried there.
- Comparative Religious Analysis: The
documentary also examines parallels between Christian and Eastern
religious traditions, especially Buddhism. It looks at similarities in
teachings and explores whether Jesus might have been influenced by or had
interactions with Buddhist traditions.
Evidence and
Interviews:
Throughout the
documentary, various scholars, theologians, and researchers are interviewed.
These include proponents of the Jesus-in-India theory, as well as skeptics.
There are discussions and debates about the available evidence, the reliability
of sources, and the plausibility of the claims.
Reception
and Impact: While "Did Jesus Die?" brought the Jesus-in-India
theory to a wider audience, it also faced criticisms. Many scholars and
theologians argue that the evidence presented is either circumstantial or based
on legends without concrete historical foundations. The documentary is often
appreciated for its presentation and investigation but remains controversial in
its conclusions.
"Did Jesus Die?" stimulates thought and debate on the traditional narratives of Jesus's life, death, and resurrection. Whether one believes in the theories presented or not, it underscores the enduring enigma surrounding the life of one of history's most influential figures.
In the mosaic of legends and tales, there are whispers of Jesus' journey across numerous sacred sites in India during those enigmatic missing years, each locale offering a piece of the puzzle to this profound narrative. Some of these sites include:
- Kashmir
(Rozabal Tomb in Srinagar): A theory suggests that "Yuz
Asaf" (a name some say is synonymous with Jesus in the East) traveled
to Kashmir, continued his teachings, and eventually died there. Proponents
point to similarities between Biblical teachings and some local Kashmiri
traditions, as well as certain architectural and symbolic elements at the
tomb, as evidence.This theory has been a subject of numerous books,
documentaries, and debates. Yet, neither Christian nor Islamic mainstream
scholars recognize this interpretation, and the tomb remains a point of
curiosity and contention.
- Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha:One of India's Char Dhams (four sacred pilgrimage sites), the Jagannath Temple in Puri is an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Krishna in his Jagannath form. It is especially famous for the Rath Yatra (chariot festival).Some theories suggest that Jesus could have been drawn to this spiritual epicenter to understand the deep-rooted Bhakti (devotional) traditions of Hinduism. The temple's central teachings on love, compassion, and devotion might have resonated with him.Some proponents of the theory argue that certain teachings of Jesus have parallels with the Bhakti (devotional) traditions associated with the Jagannath cult. They suggest that Jesus's emphasis on love, compassion, and devotion aligns closely with the teachings of Lord Jagannath.
A few ancient texts and local oral
traditions in Puri contain vague references to a foreign sage or spiritual
teacher. Over time, some have come to associate this mysterious figure with
Jesus, suggesting that he might have been drawn to the spiritual fervor of
Puri.
For many Christians, the notion that Jesus traveled to India during his "lost years" remains speculative and outside of traditional beliefs. Similarly, for many Hindu devotees of Lord Jagannath, the temple's spiritual significance is complete in its traditional narratives without needing to incorporate external figures like Jesus.
The idea of Jesus visiting the Jagannath Temple in Puri is a fascinating blend of two profound spiritual traditions. While there's no definitive evidence to confirm this theory, it serves as a testament to the universal nature of spiritual teachings and the human yearning to find connections between great spiritual figures. Whether true or not, the legend underscores the universal messages of love, devotion, and unity that both Jesus and Lord Jagannath represent.
- Himalayan
Regions: The possibility of Jesus spending time in the Himalayas,
particularly during the so-called "lost years" not covered in
the canonical Gospels, has been a topic of interest for both enthusiasts
and scholars. The Himalayan regions encompass parts of present-day India,
Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. This theory suggests that Jesus traveled to the
East in search of spiritual knowledge, engaging with local sages and
learning from Buddhist and Hindu traditions.
The Himalayas have long been
viewed as a spiritual sanctuary, home to numerous sages, yogis, and ascetics.
The idea that Jesus, in his quest for spiritual knowledge, might have ventured
into the Himalayas aligns with the region's spiritual reputation.A significant
portion of this theory stems from the claims of Nicholas Notovitch, a
Russian journalist who, during a visit to the Hemis Monastery in Ladakh
(a region in the Indian Himalayas), said he discovered a text called "The
Life of Saint Issa." This text allegedly details Jesus's journey
through India and the Himalayas, his interactions with local teachers, and his
study of Buddhist teachings.
Some proponents of the theory emphasize similarities between Jesus's teachings and Eastern spiritual tenets. They argue that these parallels suggest Jesus had exposure to Eastern philosophies, possibly during a sojourn in the Himalayas.Certain monasteries in the Himalayan region possess murals or art that depict a figure resembling Jesus. These depictions, combined with local stories of a foreign sage, have further fueled speculations about Jesus's time in the region.Despite the various claims and anecdotes, concrete historical or archaeological evidence that would definitively place Jesus in the Himalayas is absent. Most of the accounts are based on oral traditions or controversial documents like Notovitch's text.
While the theory of Jesus in the Himalayas presents a compelling narrative, intertwining two profound spiritual worlds, it remains largely in the realm of speculative theology and folklore. The enduring allure of this theory highlights the universal appeal of Jesus's teachings and the human desire to explore intersections between spiritual paths. Even in the absence of concrete evidence, such theories emphasize the universality of spiritual quests and teachings across different cultures and geographies.
- Varanasi (Banaras), Uttar Pradesh: The idea of Jesus visiting Varanasi is among the many theories posited regarding the "lost years" of Jesus, the period between his adolescence and the beginning of his ministry that isn't detailed in the canonical Gospels.Varanasi, also known as Benares or Kashi, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and is considered the spiritual heart of India. With its age-old ghats along the Ganges, ancient temples, and spiritual ambience, Varanasi has been a magnet for seekers, sages, and pilgrims for millennia.Given the city's status as a major spiritual and philosophical center, it's conceivable that a seeker like Jesus would be drawn to Varanasi.Some proponents of the theory suggest there are parallels between Jesus's teachings and certain Eastern philosophies, especially those rooted in the traditions prominent in Varanasi. These parallels are cited as evidence of Jesus's possible exposure to such teachings.Like many ancient cities with rich spiritual histories, Varanasi is replete with legends and tales. Some stories, though not mainstream, speak of a foreign sage who visited the city, and over time, there have been speculations linking this sage to Jesus.While the idea is captivating, there's a lack of concrete historical or archaeological evidence to support the claim that Jesus visited Varanasi. No ancient manuscripts, inscriptions, or credible records have been found to substantiate this theory.
- South Indian Narratives: Some coastal regions in South India, like Tamil Nadu, have oral traditions suggesting that Jesus visited these shores. Legends talk about footprints he left behind or describe his interactions with local sages.While South India was a part of ancient maritime trade routes, connecting it to the Middle East, there's no concrete historical or archaeological evidence tying these routes to Jesus's travels.
- Rishikesh: The theory that Jesus traveled to India, specifically to places like Rishikesh. Rishikesh, located in the northern state of Uttarakhand in India, is often referred to as the "Yoga Capital of the World" and has been a spiritual center for sages, yogis, and seekers for millennia.In Rishikesh, there's a site called the "Jesus Cave" that some believe to have been a meditative retreat for Jesus during his speculated travels in India. Located just a short five-minute walk from Vashishth Guha (or Vashishta's Cave), this cave lies nestled on the banks of the sacred River Ganges. Surrounded by dense forests and an atmosphere of serene tranquility, the region has been a historical haven for spiritual contemplation and retreats. There's a local belief among some residents and spiritual seekers that Jesus spent time in this cave, meditating and learning from the spiritual traditions of India. This narrative suggests that during his undocumented years, Jesus sought spiritual wisdom from various parts of the world, including Rishikesh. Some visitors to the cave have pointed out certain markings or symbols inside that they believe resemble a cross or other Christian symbols, further fueling the belief in Jesus's presence there. The cave has become a point of interest for both locals and international tourists alike. Many visit the site, whether out of religious interest, spiritual curiosity, or simply to meditate and seek tranquility.
Other Speculations
Jesus in Britain: One legend suggests that Jesus traveled to Britain, specifically Glastonbury. This narrative often ties Jesus with the ancient Druids, suggesting he might have been influenced by or even shared knowledge with these Celtic spiritual leaders. The connection with Glastonbury often revolves around the tale of Joseph of Arimathea, who, according to some stories, journeyed to Britain with Holy Grail (cup used by Jesus Christ during the Last Supper, the final meal he shared with his disciples before his crucifixion) and established the first Christian church there.
Jesus in Japan: Another
intriguing theory posits that Jesus traveled to Japan during this period. Some
claim he studied with local masters or sages, absorbing Buddhist or Shinto
teachings. Further extending this legend, a small town in Japan called Shingō
has what they purport to be the grave of Jesus, suggesting he settled and
died there, living to an old age. While this narrative is rich in cultural
tapestry, it's a significant departure from traditional Christian beliefs.
Jesus in Egypt: The Gospel of Matthew does recount a brief sojourn of the infant Jesus in Egypt. To escape King Herod's massacre of infants, the Holy Family is said to have taken refuge there.While the Bible briefly mentions this journey, some apocryphal texts and traditions suggest Jesus might have spent more extended periods in Egypt, absorbing the ancient wisdom of the Pharaohs and possibly being influenced by Egyptian mysticism.
Jesus in Persia and the Middle East: One such hypothesis is that Jesus might have journeyed into ancient Persia, engaging with Zoroastrian priests and gaining insights from their religious teachings. Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest recorded monotheistic religions. Founded by the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) in ancient Persia, it became the dominant religion of various Persian empires until the spread of Islam in the region.
Zoroastrianism is based on the worship of a single deity, Ahura Mazda, the supreme god representing wisdom and truth. The religion presents a dualistic worldview, with a continuous battle between the forces of good, led by Ahura Mazda, and the forces of evil, represented by Angra Mainyu.At the heart of Zoroastrianism is the veneration of one supreme god, Ahura Mazda. This monotheistic core might have resonated with Jesus's teachings about a singular, all-encompassing God. Engaging with Zoroastrian priests could have facilitated spiritual exchanges based on these shared principles.The emphasis on righteous living, both in Zoroastrianism and in Jesus's teachings, might have formed a common ground for dialogue.The canonical Gospels focus primarily on Jesus's life and ministry in the Middle East, especially within the context of Jewish traditions and Roman rule. There's no direct mention of travels to Persia or interactions with Zoroastrian priests.The theory of Jesus's journey to ancient Persia and his interactions with Zoroastrianism represents an exploration of the possible intersections between two significant religious traditions. While historical verification of such a journey remains elusive, the theoretical discourse emphasizes the potential confluence of spiritual ideas and the universal quest for understanding and connection across different religious landscapes.
Jesus in Silk Road and Central Asia: The ancient Silk Road was a conduit for cultural and religious exchanges. Some believe Jesus could have traversed these routes, coming into contact with various Central Asian philosophies. Central Asia was home to various nomadic tribes, each with its unique spiritual beliefs, rituals, and traditions. These could have provided Jesus with diverse perspectives on life, nature, and the divine. The canonical Gospels, which focus on Jesus's life in the Middle East, do not mention travels to Central Asia or interactions with its philosophies.
The essence of
Jesus's teachings is universal, transcending cultural and geographic
boundaries. This universality might have prompted various cultures to envision
Jesus interacting with their own spiritual traditions. Legends often grow from
a blend of historical truths, oral traditions, and cultural embellishments.
Over time, stories evolve, taking on new layers and interpretations.
The idea of
Jesus traveling to these distant lands weaves a tapestry of intercultural
dialogue and shared spiritual quests. While these narratives lack concrete
historical evidence and often deviate from traditional Christian beliefs, they
underscore Jesus's universal appeal and humanity's penchant for storytelling.
Such legends bridge gaps between disparate cultures, emphasizing the universal
messages of love, peace, and spiritual seeking that Jesus embodied.
Written By: Ritesh Mishra





















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